Visit: https://a2zcareers.viden.io
Knowledge in Bsc. Agriculture
Vanderwaal equation for real gas
The van der Waals equation is written like this: (P + an2/V2)(V-nb) = nRT. It looks very similar to the ideal gas law (PV = nRT), except now we account for the attraction between the gas molecules with a, and the volume of those molecules with b.The van der Waals equation (or van der Waals equation of state; named after Johannes Diderik van der Waals) is an equation of state that generalizes the ideal gas law based on plausible reasons that real gases do not act ideally. The ideal gas law treats gas molecules as point particles that interact with their containers but not each other, meaning they neither take up space nor change kinetic energy during collisions.[1] The ideal gas law states that volume (V) occupied by n moles of any gas has a pressure (P) at temperature (T) in kelvins given by the following relationship, where R is the gas constant: PV = nRT To account for the volume that a real gas molecule takes up, the van der Waals equation replaces V in the ideal gas law with {\displaystyle (V_{m}-b)}{\displaystyle (V_{m}-b)}, where Vm is the molar volume of the gas and b is the volume that is occupied by one mole of the molecules. This leads to:[1] {\displaystyle P(V_{m}-b)=RT}{\displaystyle P(V_{m}-b)=RT} The second modification made to the ideal gas law accounts for the fact that gas molecules do in fact interact with each other (they usually experience attraction at low pressures and repulsion at high pressures) and that real gases therefore show different compressibility than ideal gases. Van der Waals provided for intermolecular interaction by adding to the observed pressure P in the equation of state a term {\displaystyle a/V_{m}^{2}}{\displaystyle a/V_{m}^{2}}, where a is a constant whose value depends on the gas. The van der Waals equation is therefore written as:[1] {\displaystyle \left(P+a{\frac {1}{V_{m}^{2}}}\right)(V_{m}-b)=RT}{\displaystyle \left(P+a{\frac {1}{V_{m}^{2}}}\right)(V_{m}-b)=RT} and can also be written as the equation below {\displaystyle \left(P+a{\frac {n^{2}}{V^{2}}}\right)(V-nb)=nRT}{\displaystyle \left(P+a{\frac {n^{2}}{V^{2}}}\right)(V-nb)=nRT} where Vm is the molar volume of the gas, R is the universal gas constant, T is temperature, P is pressure, and V is volume. When the molar volume Vm is large, b becomes negligible in comparison with Vm, a/Vm2 becomes negligible with respect to P, and the van der Waals equation reduces to the ideal gas law, PVm=RT.[1]
Akansha pandey
bsc zbc chemistry - liquofaction of gases
Liquefaction of gases is the process by which substances in their gaseous state are converted to the liquid state. When pressure on a gas is increased, its molecules closer together, and its temperature is reduced, which removes enough energy to make it change from the gaseous to the liquid state.In materials science, liquefaction is a process that generates a liquid from a solid or a gas or that generates a non-liquid phase which behaves in accordance with fluid dynamics. It occurs both naturally and artificially.In materials science, liquefaction is a process that generates a liquid from a solid or a gas or that generates a non-liquid phase which behaves in accordance with fluid dynamics. It occurs both naturally and artificially.
Collision theory 2
Collision theory, theory used to predict the rates of chemical reactions, particularly for gases. The collision theory is based on the assumption that for a reaction to occur it is necessary for the reacting species (atoms or molecules) to come together or collide with one another.Conclusion. According to the collision theory, the following criteria must be met in order for a chemical reaction to occur: Molecules must collide with sufficient energy, known as the activation energy, so that chemical bonds can break. Molecules must collide with the proper orientation.Reactions occur when two reactant molecules effectively collide, each having minimum energy and correct orientation. Reactant concentration, the physical state of the reactants, and surface area, temperature, and the presence of a catalyst are the four main factors that affect reaction rate.Collision theory, theory used to predict the rates of chemical reactions, particularly for gases. The collision theory is based on the assumption that for a reaction to occur it is necessary for the reacting species (atoms or molecules) to come together or collide with one another.
Collection and organisation of data part 1
Collection of information in the form of numerical figures is called data. Literal meaning of data is known facts or facts collected to draw some inference. There are two types of data—primary data and secondary data. The data collected directly from the source is called the primary data.Data organization, in broad terms, refers to the method of classifying and organizing data sets to make them more useful. Some IT experts apply this primarily to physical records, although some types of data organization can also be applied to digital records.Data organization, in broad terms, refers to the method of classifying and organizing data sets to make them more useful. Some IT experts apply this primarily to physical records, although some types of data organization can also be applied to digital records.
Collection and organisation of data part 2
Collection of information in the form of numerical figures is called data. Literal meaning of data is known facts or facts collected to draw some inference. There are two types of data—primary data and secondary data. The data collected directly from the source is called the primary data.Data organization, in broad terms, refers to the method of classifying and organizing data sets to make them more useful. Some IT experts apply this primarily to physical records, although some types of data organization can also be applied to digital records.Data organization, in broad terms, refers to the method of classifying and organizing data sets to make them more useful. Some IT experts apply this primarily to physical records, although some types of data organization can also be applied to digital records.
Collection and organisation of data part 3
Collection of information in the form of numerical figures is called data. Literal meaning of data is known facts or facts collected to draw some inference. There are two types of data—primary data and secondary data. The data collected directly from the source is called the primary data.Data organization, in broad terms, refers to the method of classifying and organizing data sets to make them more useful. Some IT experts apply this primarily to physical records, although some types of data organization can also be applied to digital records.Data organization, in broad terms, refers to the method of classifying and organizing data sets to make them more useful. Some IT experts apply this primarily to physical records, although some types of data organization can also be applied to digital records.
Chi square test
A chi-square test, also written as χ2 test, is a statistical hypothesis test that is valid to perform when the test statistic is chi-square distributed under the null hypothesis, specifically Pearson's chi-square test and variants thereof. Pearson's chi-square test is used to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies in one or more categories of a contingency table. In the standard applications of this test, the observations are classified into mutually exclusive classes. If the null hypothesis is true, the test statistic computed from the observations follows a χ2 frequency distribution. The purpose of the test is to evaluate how likely the observed frequencies would be assuming the null hypothesis is true. Test statistics that follow a χ2 distribution occur when the observations are independent and normally distributed, which assumptions are often justified under the central limit theorem. There are also χ2 tests for testing the null hypothesis of independence of a pair of random variables based on observations of the pairs. Chi-square tests often refers to tests for which the distribution of the test statistic approaches the χ2 distribution asymptotically, meaning that the sampling distribution (if the null hypothesis is true) of the test statistic approximates a χ2 distribution more and more closely as sample sizes increase.
10th , 11th ,12th biology ,bsc , neet , msc -Paper- Pteridophytes
A pteridophyte is a vascular plant (with xylem and phloem) that disperses spores. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are sometimes referred to as "cryptogams", meaning that their means of reproduction is hidden. Ferns, horsetails (often treated as ferns), and lycophytes (clubmosses, spikemosses, and quillworts) are all pteridophytes. However, they do not form a monophyletic group because ferns (and horsetails) are more closely related to seed plants than to lycophytes. "Pteridophyta" is thus no longer a widely accepted taxon, but the term pteridophyte remains in common parlance, as do pteridology and pteridologist as a science and its practitioner, respectively. Ferns and lycophytes share a life cycle and are often collectively treated or studied, for example by the International Association of Pteridologists and the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group.Pteridophytes are the first true land plants: ... They are seedless, vascular cryptogams: ... They show true alternation of generations: ... Sporophyte has true roots, stem and leaves: ... Spores developed in sporangia are homosporous or heterosporous: ... Sporangia are produced in groups on sporophylls:
10th , 11th ,12th biology ,bsc , neet , msc -Paper- Pteridophytes
A pteridophyte is a vascular plant (with xylem and phloem) that disperses spores. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are sometimes referred to as "cryptogams", meaning that their means of reproduction is hidden. Ferns, horsetails (often treated as ferns), and lycophytes (clubmosses, spikemosses, and quillworts) are all pteridophytes. However, they do not form a monophyletic group because ferns (and horsetails) are more closely related to seed plants than to lycophytes. "Pteridophyta" is thus no longer a widely accepted taxon, but the term pteridophyte remains in common parlance, as do pteridology and pteridologist as a science and its practitioner, respectively. Ferns and lycophytes share a life cycle and are often collectively treated or studied, for example by the International Association of Pteridologists and the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group.Pteridophytes are the first true land plants: ... They are seedless, vascular cryptogams: ... They show true alternation of generations: ... Sporophyte has true roots, stem and leaves: ... Spores developed in sporangia are homosporous or heterosporous: ... Sporangia are produced in groups on sporophylls:
Neet and aiims preparation sample paper
Sample papers are important preparation material used by almost all students during revision for their board exams. Solving sample papers helps a student to understand the pattern of the question paper and the marking scheme of the board question paper.The sample paper is based on the actual question paper format which helps students in getting an overview of the paper pattern including the type of questions like short or long answer type questions, mostly asked topics, marks distribution, etc.Sample papers are important preparation material used by almost all students during revision for their board exams. Solving sample papers helps a student to understand the pattern of the question paper and the marking scheme of the board question paper. Attributes of a good question paper. The question paper setter and evaluator should fulfill their assignment with great honesty, dedication, integrity and seriousness. ... A question paper is the basic tool used in an examination. Sometimes, question papers are under debate for their levels of toughness and lengthy content ...
Neet and aiims preparation sample paper
Sample papers are important preparation material used by almost all students during revision for their board exams. Solving sample papers helps a student to understand the pattern of the question paper and the marking scheme of the board question paper.The sample paper is based on the actual question paper format which helps students in getting an overview of the paper pattern including the type of questions like short or long answer type questions, mostly asked topics, marks distribution, etc.Sample papers are important preparation material used by almost all students during revision for their board exams. Solving sample papers helps a student to understand the pattern of the question paper and the marking scheme of the board question paper. Attributes of a good question paper. The question paper setter and evaluator should fulfill their assignment with great honesty, dedication, integrity and seriousness. ... A question paper is the basic tool used in an examination. Sometimes, question papers are under debate for their levels of toughness and lengthy content ...
Neet and aiims preparation sample paper
Sample papers are important preparation material used by almost all students during revision for their board exams. Solving sample papers helps a student to understand the pattern of the question paper and the marking scheme of the board question paper.The sample paper is based on the actual question paper format which helps students in getting an overview of the paper pattern including the type of questions like short or long answer type questions, mostly asked topics, marks distribution, etc.Sample papers are important preparation material used by almost all students during revision for their board exams. Solving sample papers helps a student to understand the pattern of the question paper and the marking scheme of the board question paper. Attributes of a good question paper. The question paper setter and evaluator should fulfill their assignment with great honesty, dedication, integrity and seriousness. ... A question paper is the basic tool used in an examination. Sometimes, question papers are under debate for their levels of toughness and lengthy content ...