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Knowledge in Bsc. Agriculture
Topic - 11th & 12th & bsc dna fingerprinting
DNA fingerprinting is a laboratory technique used to establish a link between biological evidence and a suspect in a criminal investigation. A DNA sample taken from a crime scene is compared with a DNA sample from a suspect.DNA profiling is the process of determining an individual's DNA characteristics. DNA analysis intended to identify a species, rather than an individual, is called DNA barcoding The technique of DNA fingerprinting was developed in 1984 by British geneticist Alec Jeffreys, after he noticed that certain sequences of highly variable DNA (known as minisatellites), which do not contribute to the functions of genes , are repeated within genes.An early use of DNA fingerprinting was in legal disputes, notably to help solve crimes and to determine paternity. It is also used to identify inherited genetic diseases and can be used to identify genetic matches between tissue donors and recipients. DNA fingerprinting is also a valuable tool for confirming pedigree in animals, such as purebred dogs and racehorses.Sample contamination, faulty preparation procedures, and mistakes in interpretation of results are major sources of error in DNA fingerprinting. These issues can cause discrepancies between biological proof and legal proof in court cases. In forensics , large amounts of high-quality DNA are needed, yet forensic DNA samples frequently are degraded or are collected postmortem, rendering them of lower quality and subject to producing less reliable results than samples obtained from a living individual.
Akansha pandey
Topic 11th & 12th & neet & bsc & phd & msc (protein synthesis )
Protein biosynthesis is a core biological process, occurring inside cells, balancing the loss of cellular proteins through the production of new proteins. Proteins perform a variety of critical functions as enzymes, structural proteins or hormones and therefore, are crucial biological componentsProtein synthesis is the process in which cells make proteins. It occurs in two stages: transcription and translation. Transcription is the transfer of genetic instructions in DNA to mRNA in the nucleus. It includes three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination.In the synthesis of protein, three types of RNA are required. The first is called ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and is used to manufacture ribosomes. Ribosomes are ultramicroscopic particles of rRNA and protein where amino acids are linked to one another during the synthesis of proteins.STEP 1: The first step in protein synthesis is the transcription of mRNA from a DNA gene in the nucleus. At some other prior time, the various other types of RNA have been synthesized using the appropriate DNA. The RNAs migrate from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.Once in the cytoplasm, the mRNA is snatched up by tiny protein-assembly machines called ribosomes. Each ribosome works its way along the mRNA, reading the code from 'start' to 'stop', selecting the correct amino acid building blocks and ejecting a growing protein.
Bsc , zbc , zoology , molecular cloning , restriction enzyme , dna ligase
Key points for bsc (Molecular cloning is a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms).restriction enzyme (A restriction enzyme is a protein that recognizes a specific, short nucleotide sequence and cuts the DNA only at that specific site, which is known as restriction site or target sequence. More than 400 restriction enzymes have been isolated from the bacteria that manufacture them.) DNA ligase is a specific type of enzyme, a ligase, that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond. It plays a role in repairing single-strand breaks in duplex DNA in living organisms, but some forms may specifically repair double-strand breaks.
Bsc , zbc (zoology , botany , chemistry ) , zoology ,spectrophotometry part 1
Spectrophotometry is a method to measure how much a chemical substance absorbs light by measuring the intensity of light as a beam of light passes through sample solution. The basic principle is that each compound absorbs or transmits light over a certain range of wavelength . Spectrophotometry. A spectrophotometer is an analytical instrument used to quantitatively measure the transmission or reflection of visible light, UV light or infrared light. ... Spectrophotometers are widely used in various disciplines such as physics, molecular biology, chemistry and biochemistry.Spectrophotometry. Spectrophotometry is a method to measure how much a chemical substance absorbs light by measuring the intensity of light as a beam of light passes through sample solution. The basic principle is that each compound absorbs or transmits light over a certain range of wavelength.The spectrophotometer works by passing a light beam through a sample to measure the light intensity of a sample. These instruments are used in the process of measuring color and used for monitoring color accuracy throughout production. They are primarily used by researchers and manufacturers everywhere.There are two basic types of atomic spectrometers: emission and absorbance. In either case a flame burns the sample, breaking it down into atoms or ions of the elements present in the sample. An emission instrument detects the wavelengths of light released by the ionized atoms.
spectrophotometry 2
Spectrophotometry is a method to measure how much a chemical substance absorbs light by measuring the intensity of light as a beam of light passes through sample solution. The basic principle is that each compound absorbs or transmits light over a certain range of wavelength . Spectrophotometry. A spectrophotometer is an analytical instrument used to quantitatively measure the transmission or reflection of visible light, UV light or infrared light. ... Spectrophotometers are widely used in various disciplines such as physics, molecular biology, chemistry and biochemistry.Spectrophotometry. Spectrophotometry is a method to measure how much a chemical substance absorbs light by measuring the intensity of light as a beam of light passes through sample solution. The basic principle is that each compound absorbs or transmits light over a certain range of wavelength.The spectrophotometer works by passing a light beam through a sample to measure the light intensity of a sample. These instruments are used in the process of measuring color and used for monitoring color accuracy throughout production. They are primarily used by researchers and manufacturers everywhere.There are two basic types of atomic spectrometers: emission and absorbance. In either case a flame burns the sample, breaking it down into atoms or ions of the elements present in the sample. An emission instrument detects the wavelengths of light released by the ionized atoms.
spectrophotometry 3
Spectrophotometry is a method to measure how much a chemical substance absorbs light by measuring the intensity of light as a beam of light passes through sample solution. The basic principle is that each compound absorbs or transmits light over a certain range of wavelength . Spectrophotometry. A spectrophotometer is an analytical instrument used to quantitatively measure the transmission or reflection of visible light, UV light or infrared light. ... Spectrophotometers are widely used in various disciplines such as physics, molecular biology, chemistry and biochemistry.Spectrophotometry. Spectrophotometry is a method to measure how much a chemical substance absorbs light by measuring the intensity of light as a beam of light passes through sample solution. The basic principle is that each compound absorbs or transmits light over a certain range of wavelength.The spectrophotometer works by passing a light beam through a sample to measure the light intensity of a sample. These instruments are used in the process of measuring color and used for monitoring color accuracy throughout production. They are primarily used by researchers and manufacturers everywhere.There are two basic types of atomic spectrometers: emission and absorbance. In either case a flame burns the sample, breaking it down into atoms or ions of the elements present in the sample. An emission instrument detects the wavelengths of light released by the ionized atoms.
Part one of Molecular orbital theory (chemistry)
In chemistry, Molecular orbital (MO) theory is a method for describing the electronic structure of molecules using quantum mechanics. Electrons are not assigned to individual bonds between atoms, but are treated as moving under the influence of the nuclei in the whole molecule . Molecular orbital theory assumes the wave nature of electrons ,thus during the overlapping the wave functions of different atoms interact in two ways- Destructive interference and constructive intereference. The molecules possesing higher number of bonding electrons are more stable.Molecular orbital theory is more powerful than valence-bond theory because the orbitals reflect the geometry of the molecule to which they are applied. But this power carries a significant cost in terms of the ease with which the model can be visualized.Basically molecular orbital (MO) theory is a method for determining molecular structure in which electrons are not assigned to individual bonds between atoms, but are treated as moving under the influence of the nuclei in the whole molecule.
Part two of Molecular orbital theory (chemistry)
In chemistry, Molecular orbital (MO) theory is a method for describing the electronic structure of molecules using quantum mechanics. Electrons are not assigned to individual bonds between atoms, but are treated as moving under the influence of the nuclei in the whole molecule . Molecular orbital theory assumes the wave nature of electrons ,thus during the overlapping the wave functions of different atoms interact in two ways- Destructive interference and constructive intereference. The molecules possesing higher number of bonding electrons are more stable.Molecular orbital theory is more powerful than valence-bond theory because the orbitals reflect the geometry of the molecule to which they are applied. But this power carries a significant cost in terms of the ease with which the model can be visualized.Basically molecular orbital (MO) theory is a method for determining molecular structure in which electrons are not assigned to individual bonds between atoms, but are treated as moving under the influence of the nuclei in the whole molecule.
Bsc , zbc , (zoology , chemistry , botany ) botany (nucleic acid )
Nucleic acids are the biopolymers, or large biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life. The term nucleic acid is the overall name for DNA and RNA. They are composed of nucleotides, which are the monomers made of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.In Watson and Crick's model, the two strands of the DNA double helix are held together by hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases on opposite strands. Each pair of bases lies flat, forming a "rung" on the ladder of the DNA molecule. Base pairs aren't made up of just any combination of bases. A coding strand is a strand that contains the codons. On the contrary, the non-coding strand is the strand that contains the anti-codons. The coding strand is the strand of DNA that has the same sequence as the mRNA transcript.
Bsc (1st sem ) zbc chemistry kinetic theory of gas
The model, called the kinetic theory of gases, assumes that the molecules are very small relative to the distance between molecules. The molecules are in constant, random motion and frequently collide with each other and with the walls of any container. ... The higher the temperature, the greater the motion.There are three main components to kinetic theory: No energy is gained or lost when molecules collide. The molecules in a gas take up a negligible (able to be ignored) amount of space in relation to the container they occupy. The molecules are in constant, linear motion.The model, called the kinetic theory of gases, assumes that the molecules are very small relative to the distance between molecules. The molecules are in constant, random motion and frequently collide with each other and with the walls of any container. ... The higher the temperature, the greater the motion.The kinetic-molecular theory of gases assumes that ideal gas molecules (1) are constantly moving; (2) have negligible volume; (3) have negligible intermolecular forces; (4) undergo perfectly elastic collisions; and (5) have an average kinetic energy proportional to the ideal gas's absolute temperature.Kinetic gas equation can also be represented in the form of mass or density of the gas. It is based on the postulates of kinetic theory gas equation, a mathematical equation called kinetic gas equation has en derived from which all the gas laws can be deduced. It is usually written in the form: PV = mnc2.
Chromosomal theory of linkage (bsc &12th syllabus )
Linkage theory (the way one negotiation influences or determines the process or outcome of another) can effectively explain the relationship between a negotiation and its relevant environment. The intensity of linkage between two genes is inversely related to the distance between them in the chromosome. Morgan also proposed that the coupling and repulsion as shown by Bateson and Punnet, are the two aspects of the same phenomenon i.e. linkage.Morgan formulated the chromosome theory of linkage according to which: ... The genes that are linked, stay on the same chromosome. c. The distance between the linked genes in the chromosome determines the strength of linkage. The closer the genes are located, stronger is the linkage.Genetic linkage is the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction. ... Markers on different chromosomes are perfectly unlinked.
Collision theory
Collision theory, theory used to predict the rates of chemical reactions, particularly for gases. The collision theory is based on the assumption that for a reaction to occur it is necessary for the reacting species (atoms or molecules) to come together or collide with one another.Conclusion. According to the collision theory, the following criteria must be met in order for a chemical reaction to occur: Molecules must collide with sufficient energy, known as the activation energy, so that chemical bonds can break. Molecules must collide with the proper orientation.Reactions occur when two reactant molecules effectively collide, each having minimum energy and correct orientation. Reactant concentration, the physical state of the reactants, and surface area, temperature, and the presence of a catalyst are the four main factors that affect reaction rate.Collision theory, theory used to predict the rates of chemical reactions, particularly for gases. The collision theory is based on the assumption that for a reaction to occur it is necessary for the reacting species (atoms or molecules) to come together or collide with one another.