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ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE -OLED
An organic light-emitting diode (OLED or Organic LED), also known as an organic EL (organic electroluminescent) diode, is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound that emits light in response to an electric current. This organic layer is situated between two electrodes; typically, at least one of these electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such as television screens, computer monitors, portable systems such as smartphones, handheld game consoles, and PDAs. A major area of research is the development of white OLED devices for use in solid-state lighting applications.
VEDANT MILIND ATHAVALE
ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation of the relationship between the different living organisms at different trophic levels. It was given by G.Evylen Hutchinson and Raymond Lindeman. It can be observed that these pyramids are in the shape of actual pyramids with the base being the broadest, which is covered by the lowest trophic level, i.e., producers. The next level is occupied by the next trophic level, i.e., the primary consumers and so on. All the calculations for the construction of these types of ecological pyramids must take into account all the organisms in a particular trophic level because a sample space of a few numbers or a few species will end up giving a huge level of errors.
RIPPLE FACTORS OF DIFFERENT TYPES
Ripple (specifically ripple voltage) in electronics is the residual periodic variation of the DC voltage within a power supply which has been derived from an alternating current (AC) source. This ripple is due to incomplete suppression of the alternating waveform after rectification. Ripple voltage originates as the output of a rectifier or from generation and commutation of DC power.
MOSFET - REGISTRARS -COUNTERS -CONVERTERS
The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET), also known as the metal–oxide–silicon transistor (MOS transistor, or MOS), is a type of insulated-gate field-effect transistor (IGFET) that is fabricated by the controlled oxidation of a semiconductor, typically silicon. In digital logic and computing, a counter is a device which stores the number of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock. The most common type is a sequential digital logic circuit with an input line called the clock and multiple output lines. The values on the output lines represent a number in the binary or BCD number system. Each pulse applied to the clock input increments or decrements the number in the counter.
BEER LAMBERTS LAW
1 1. A solution of Tryptophan has an absorbance at 280 nm of 0.54 in a 0.5 cm length cuvette. Given the absorbance coefficient of trp is 6.4 × 103 LMol-1cm-1 What is the concentration of a solution? Solution: As A = ε l c l= 0.5 cm A= 0.54 ε = 6.4 × 103 LMol-1cm-1 C=? So c = A/ε l = 0.54 / 6.4 × 103 × 0.5 Answer = 0.000168 M 2. Calculate the molar absorptivity of a 1 x 10-4 M solution, which has an absorbance of 0.20, when the path length is 2.5 cm. Solution: A = ε l c l= 2.5 cm A= 0.20 C= 1 x 10 – 4 M ε =? So ε = A / l c = 0.20/ 2.5 ×1 x 10-4 Answer = 800 dm3 /mol/cm. 2 3. The molar absorptivity of a 0.5 x 10-3 M solution is 261.53 dm3 /mol/cm, If it has an absorbance of 0.17, Calculate the path length. Solution: A = ε l c ε = 261.53 dm3 /mol/cm A= 0.17 C= 0.5 x 10-3 M l = ? So l = A / ε c = 0.17/ (261.53 × 0.5 x 10-3) Answer = 1.3 cm. 4. A 1.00 × 10–4 M solution of an analyte is placed in a sample cell with a path length of 1.00 cm. When measured at a wavelength of 350 nm, the solution’s absorbance is 0.139. What is the analyte’s molar absorptivity at this wavelength? l = 1.00 cm c = 1.00 × 10–4 M A=0.139 ε =? So A = ε l c ε = A / l c = 0.139/ 1.0 × 1.00 x 10-4 Answer = 1390 cm−1 M−1
FLAME PHOTOMETRY
Flame photometry is the measurement of the emission of radiation by neutral atoms, which tells us about the concentration of that particular element in a given sample. The earliest reference was in 1556 when Georgius Agricola mentioned "colors of fumes" produced by ore samples. In the 19th century new improvements and developments became significant. In 1873, Champion, Pellet, and Grenier invented the flame photometer.
Electronics And Medicine: Applications Of Nanotechnology
Major Contributors:- 1959 - Richard Feynman 1981 - Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer 1991 - Sumio Liggima Applications in tronics:- Quantum Dots Transitions Energy Production Flexible Electronics Applications in medicine;- Nanorobots Drug Delivery Cancer Therapy Tissue Engineering
CARBON NANOTUBES
Carbon nanotubes: Awesome facts strongest • most flexible material known • 100 times stronger than steel • exhibits excellent properties in electronic , magnetic and mechanical field • Hence, makes this material a preferred choice of material by scientists.
Graphene, Fullerene and Nanowires.
Graphene is a 2D network of carbon atoms. These carbon atoms are bound within the plane by strong bonds into a honeycomb array comprised of six-membered rings. By stacking these layers on top of each other, 3D graphite structure is formed. In graphene, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to three other carbon atoms. Graphene can be a parent form for many carbon structures, like the above-mentioned graphite, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes. We have also discussed the thermal and chemical properties of the materials.
CONDUCTING POLYMERS
These are the notes of the subject Physical Chemistry for engineering and are targeted to one of the difficult subtopics of Conducting Polymers. These will prove beneficial to FY Engineering students of all branches and help them to score good marks in their exams.
Spectroscopy Notes for Engineering
Topics covered:- INTRODUCTION TO UV-RAY SPECTROSCOPY PRINCIPLES & TYPES OF ELECTRONIC TRANSITIONS. CHROMOPHORE AND AUXOCHROMES. CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF SINGLE AND DOUBLE BEAM UV-VIS SPECTROPHOTOMETER WITH DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEM BEER-LAMBERT’S LAW FOR ABSORPTION APPLICATIONS, ADVANTAGES & LIMITATIONS OF UV-RAY SPECTROSCOPY
NATURE AND SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
These are the notes of the subject EVS for engineering and are targeted to one of the difficult subtopics of Line and Nature and Scope of Environmental Problems. These will prove beneficial to both FY and SY Engineering students of all branches and help them to score good marks in their exams.