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METALS IN BIOLOGY
Metals play an important role in biological systems. As catalytic or structural cofactors, metal ions are critical to the function of up to an estimated one-third of all enzymes. Additionally, metals play diverse roles in biology.
VEDANT MILIND ATHAVALE
CONSISTENCY IN LINEAR EQUATIONS
In mathematics and in particular, in algebra, a linear or nonlinear system of equations is called as consistent if there is at least one set of values for the unknowns that satisfy each equation in the system—that is, that when substituted into each of the equations makes each equation hold true as an identity.
ENGINEERING CURVES FOR ED/EG
While designing Objects various types of curves are used. Curves which are commonly used in engineering drawing are: Conic section. Cycloidal curves. Involute. Evolutes. Spirals Helix
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY BY DR PAUL
Superconductivity is the set of physical properties observed in certain materials, wherein electrical resistance vanishes and from which magnetic flux fields are expelled. Any material exhibiting these properties is a superconductor. Unlike an ordinary metallic conductor, whose resistance decreases gradually as its temperature is lowered even down to near absolute zero, a superconductor has a characteristic critical temperature below which the resistance drops abruptly to zero. An electric current through a loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source.
FERRITES IN DETAIL
A ferrite is a ceramic material made by mixing and firing large proportions of iron(III) oxide (Fe₂O₃, rust) blended with small proportions of one or more additional metallic elements, such as barium, manganese, nickel, and zinc. They are electrically nonconductive, meaning that they are insulators, and ferrimagnetic, meaning they can easily be magnetized or attracted to a magnet. Ferrites can be divided into two families based on their resistance to being demagnetized (magnetic coercivity).
MASS AND ENERGY TRANSFER
There are some notable similarities in equations for momentum, energy, and mass transfer which can all be transported by diffusion, as illustrated by the following examples: Mass: the spreading and dissipation of odors in the air is an example of mass diffusion. Energy: the conduction of heat in a solid material is an example of heat diffusion.
LASERS AND POLARISCOPE
Photoelasticity describes changes in the optical properties of a material under mechanical deformation. It is a property of all-dielectric media and is often used to experimentally determine the stress distribution in a material, where it gives a picture of stress distributions around discontinuities in materials. Photoelastic experiments (also informally referred to as photoelasticity) are an important tool for determining critical stress points in a material and are used for determining stress concentration in irregular geometries. A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term "laser" originated as an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation". The first laser was built in 1960 by Theodore H. Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories, based on theoretical work by Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow.
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater or sewage and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle with minimum impact on the environment, or directly reused. The latter is called water reclamation because treated wastewater can be used for other purposes. The treatment process takes place in a wastewater treatment plant, often referred to as a Water Resource Recovery Facility or a Sewage Treatment Plant. Pollutants in municipal wastewater are removed or broken down.
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING
A mathematical model is a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used in the natural sciences (such as physics, biology, earth science, chemistry) and engineering disciplines (such as computer science, electrical engineering), as well as in the social sciences (such as economics, psychology, sociology, political science).
BIO GEO CHEMICAL CYCLE
Biogeochemical Cycle Definition. A biogeochemical cycle is one of several natural cycles, in which conserved matter moves through the biotic and abiotic parts of an ecosystem. In biology, conserved matter refers to the finite amount of matter, in the form of atoms, that is present within the Earth.
COMPLETE PYTHON PROGRAMMING
Python is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python's design philosophy emphasizes code readability with its notable use of significant whitespace. Its language constructs and object-oriented approach aim to help programmers write clear, logical code for small and large-scale projects.
OPTICAL FIBRES
An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair. Optical fibers are used most often as a means to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber and find wide usage in fiber-optic communications, where they permit transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data transfer rates) than electrical cables. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss; in addition, fibers are immune to electromagnetic interference, a problem from which metal wires suffer. Fibers are also used for illumination and imaging, and are often wrapped in bundles so they may be used to carry light into, or images out of confined spaces, as in the case of a fiberscope. Specially designed fibers are also used for a variety of other applications, some of them being fiber optic sensors and fiber lasers.