Aristotle says that every action that a human does, they consider the end to be good. There are higher ends and subordinate ends. The higher ends are ends in themselves and the subordinate ends are the means to higher ends. He also says that good is a part of political science as in politics, people are concerned with what is the best end for a human but then what is best for one person may not be best for another. Thus, we can only have a rough outline of good.Everyone agrees that the supreme good is happiness but people argue on what happiness consists of. Some people think that sensual pleasures are the greatest god while on the other hand, some people think that honor is the greatest good. Plato suggests that there is only one form of good and that all good things are good in the same way. Happiness is the highest good because it is an end in itself.We see people as ‘good’ only if they perform their function well. The thing that separates us from animals and plants is our rationality. Thus, good should be an activity of the rational soul.When e are talking about the life of a person, we consider the life as a whole and not just a few moments of it. Through this, we could say that a person can only be considered happy only after he dies when we can examine their lives as a whole. Aristotle also says that the way his descendants behave may affect the happiness of that person.We can divide the soul into 2 parts- a rational part and an irrational part. The irrational part can then be divided in a vegetative part, which helps with our growth and nutrition and an appetitive part, which governs our impulses. The rational part of the soul controls those impulses and thus a person with greater rationality is better able to control their impulses. 

Philosophy of science

by Kartik Mathur

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The main question that is asked in this book is how to achieve happiness. Epictetus says that happiness requires freedom. He explains the difference between things that don’t depend on us, such as fame and power, as compared to things that do depend on us, such as our judgment. He says that if u want to be free, then we should only focus on things that depend on us and not pay any attention to the things that don’t depend on us.Epictetus claims that we misjudge death to be terrible. He says that we should change our perception about death and view it as something positive. He also talks about the body and says that the disease is bad for the body and lameness is an impediment for the legs but both, not the will, if it wants to.He also claims that we can be invisible, provided that we do not get into any fights as it does not depend on you to be victorious. He also tells us not to laugh much and to do so without restraint as this could lead us to vulgarity. He explains that there are 3 parts of philosophy- first is that we should not lie. Second is the question, ‘where does it must not lie.’ The third one is the question, ‘where does it demonstrate? What is a demonstration, a consequence, an objection which is true, or the false.’       

Philosophy of science

by Kartik Mathur

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Creation myths are those myths that explain how the world came to be as it is and how it all started. The Rig Veda in particular, does not offer a single theory of creation but many theories. The Rig Veda deals with cosmogony and anthropogony of Hinduism.There is a traditionalist view that creation is the process of developing order out of chaos. There is an example given in the Rig Veda which says that the primeval man is changed into many life forms which is not an actual creation out of nothing, but rather a re-arrangement.There are also many other views that state that for the creation of something new- something must perish. There is a prime example in the Rig Veda which states that the man (purusha) has a thousand heads, a thousand eyes and a thousand feet. It also states that all creatures make only a quarter of him. It has also been written how the social norms were formed as it is specified that,:” His mouth was the Brahman, his arms were made into the nobles, his two thighs were the populace, and from his feet the servants were born”.(page 28, Hindu Myths, Wendy Doniger). Through this we know how the Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudra’s were created respectively according to the Rig Veda. It is also interesting that whenever something gets created, incest is almost always involved. We can see this in the Rig Veda in which the universe was formed from the seed of the father when he was satisfying his desires for his daughter.There are also a lot of creation myths of the western society. If we do the comparison between the creation myths in the Rig Veda and the myth of Adonis more specifically, we can see that they share some similarities but also have some differences. Both these myth have incest in them, but the difference is that in the myths of the Rig Veda, the father has sexual desires for the daughter and in Adonis, it is the opposite as it is the daughter who has sexual feelings for her father. In the Ovid version of Adonis, even after his death, Venus mourned his death and she sprinkled nectar on his Adonis’s blood and thus sprouted the flower anemone. So even though Adonis has multiple versions, there is still the creation of something new.In a religious sense creation myths deals with theology and it also helps us to find answers to questions such as- how and when did we come into existence? All religions have their own creation myths such as Christians have their old testament and the myth of Adam and Eve and Hindu’s have their Rig Veda etc. A lot of creation myths deal with theology in the formation of the universe. They also put our imagination to the test as we see the absurd ways in which they have described the creation of the universe.In a literary sense creation myths helps us to compare them with myths of the western society so that we can find the difference in texts. They also help us date when the texts were first written. Also since ancient times myths were verbally passed down from generation to generation and thus over the years the myths would be told and retold and could be changed. This also helps us to find multiple versions of the myth that has been retold over the years.

Philosophy of science

by Kartik Mathur

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Myths are for the most part narratives that have been verbally or written down  from generation to generation. The Neanderthals used to believe in the myth of after life , so they buried a dead person with tools and weapons . Myths could vary in intensity such as a normal superstition such as walking a bridge brings bad luck to myths  that become part of someone’s personal  and cultural identity . In ancient times myths were probably told as stories. Throughout the years those stories have been told and retold and story could have changed a little each time which eventually became the myths they are today. Over the course the course of time science and technology have improved and they  had  the ability to put these myths to the test . There were a lot of myths from the ancient world such as the story of Noah ‘s ark and Jesus Christ walking on water and great epics such as Ramayana and Mahabharata . It is very hard to explain myths in a scientific or a historical sense. But in a few cases science has come up with an answer , for example, there was a myth that Jesus Christ could heal anyone . Scientists have now pointed out that he was not super human and that he was using the principle of the placebo effect. There is  also the question of how much control religion has over myths . People sometimes commit crimes in the name of religion . Myths are the stepping stones of the  creation of religion . Myths could also have a negative effect  on people , especially children . At a young age , myths provide the perfect stories for the children who are full of imagination. But it could also hamper with their idea of the difference between what is reality and what is fiction. We can take an example of Musharraf Ali Farooqi , who  had said that the stories of Dastan – e Amir Hamza were effecting his studies. But it also had a positive effect on him as it gave him the motivation  to translate the whole of Dastan – e Amir Hamza . There are many people who are realists who try to find a rational and realistic solution rather than ask God to find a solution for them and help them with their problems . Many people also like to associate sacrifices during rituals of a religion . In many myths and stories  people used to sacrifice animals during rituals to please the Gods . The Vikings of the ancient Scandinavian countries used to sometimes sacrifice humans during a ritual for a festival or before a great battle . But myths sometimes provide us with answers that science cant answer like what happens to us after we die . Mythology provides  us with a posthumous existence such  as after Christians die they will either go to heaven or hell or in the case of Vikings , they go to valhala when they die to dine with their God Odin.                                                                                                                                         

Philosophy of science

by Kartik Mathur

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Philosophy Practice Paper

Philosophy of science

by Muskan Mehrotra

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The pdf explains Heidegger's "letter on humanism",in breif and covers all the major points that are mostly asked in exams.

Philosophy of science

by Adyansha R. Rajput

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The conversation of mankind.-Bernstien

Philosophy of science +1 more

by Adyansha R. Rajput

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by A2Z Careers Consultancy Deals in All UG or PG Admissions Free Guidance All PDF Notes for Govt Job Coachings

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This attachment contains functions of ecosystem

Philosophy of science

by Adyansha R. Rajput

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This attachment contains pyramid of biomass.

Philosophy of science

by Adyansha R. Rajput

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