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Knowledge in Finance and Accounting
monetary policy
current monetary policy of india
Kunal Poddar
international finance
The file presents to you the notes on international finance which will help in understanding international business.
Rashid Imam
SAMPLE PROFIT & LOSS
Sample profit & loss statement A Profit & Loss Statement (P&L) measures the activity of a business over a period of time – usually a month, a quarter, or a year. This financial report may have several different names: profit & loss, P&L, income statement, statement of revenues and expenses, or even the operating statement. The P&L basically tells you revenue, expenses, profit, and loss. Keep in mind that in almost all circumstances, profit is not the same thing as cash flow. The basic formula for the profit-and-loss statement is: Revenues – expenses = net profit. P&L statements generally follow this format: Revenues – Operating (variable) expenses = Gross profit (operating) margin – Overhead (fixed expenses) = Operating income +/– Other income or expense (non-operating) = Pre-tax income – Income taxes = Net income (after taxes) Here are definitions of these categories: Revenue is the money you receive in payment for your products or services. Operating, or variable, expenses are the expenses that rise or fall based on your sales volume. Gross profit margin or operating margin is the amount left when you subtract operating expenses from revenues. Overhead, or fixed, expenses are costs that don’t vary much month-to-month and don’t rise or fall with the number of sales you make. Examples might include salaries of office staff, rent, or insurance. Operating income is income after deducting operating and overhead expense. Other income or expenses (non-operating) generally don’t relate to the operating side of the business, rather to how the management finances the business. Other income might include interest or dividends from company investments, for example. Other expenses might include interest paid on loans. Pre-tax income is income before federal and state governments take their share. Income taxes How income tax is shown on the P&L varies based on the type of legal entity. For example, a C corporation almost always shows income tax expense, but S corporations, partnerships, LLCs, and sole proprietorships rarely show income tax expense on the P&L. Net income (after taxes) is the final amount on most profit-and-loss statements. It represents the net total profit earned by the business during the period, above and beyond all related costs and expenses. Here’s a simple example of a Profit & Loss Statement: Sample Company, Inc. Sample Profit & Loss Statement August 1-31, 2010 Operating Revenue Product sales$12,000 Service sales$3,000 Total Operating Revenue$15,000 Operating Expenses Cost of goods sold$7,000 Gross Profit$8,000 Overhead Rent$1,500 Insurance$250 Office supplies$150 Utilities$100 Total Overhead$2,000 Operating Income$6,000 Other Income (Expenses) Loan interest($500) Earnings Before Income Taxes$5,500 Income Taxes$500 Net Earnings$5,000 Manage your business expenses Categorize expenses Create a review schedule Establish goals The consequences of a smaller company spending too much are far greater than for larger companies. If you own a small business it’s especially important to control expenses. Here are some tips for taking an organized, logical approach to managing your expenses: Categorize your expenses as short-term, long-term or fixed. What’s the difference between the three? Short-term items are things like wages for part-time and seasonal workers, because these may change within a six-month period. Long-term expenses are items such as leases and contracts with vendors, which may last up to a year. Fixed costs, such as mortgage payments, rarely change. After categorizing your expenses, rank them in descending order of cost within each group. This process will help you see more clearly where your money is going. Create a schedule to review the items in each expense category. Look at your short-term expenses more frequently than your long-term costs because you can make changes to these more easily. If you are successful cutting costs in one area, see if you can transfer your strategy to another area of your business. Establish goals for reducing each expense category by a manageable percentage. If you have employees, assign someone to meet each cost-cutting goal, or consider rewarding employees for finding ways to cut costs.
Aman Tripathi
Accountancy Notes BBA 1st Year
These file contains Accountancy notes for BCOM BBA and rest Financial Students Notes. very easy notes please study as per your requirement and syllabus only.
ASHJOT SINGH ANAND
Notes On Business Accountancy
These are the notes on Business Accountancy for BBA 1st Semester Students. Very Easy and Full Course notes. Study according to your Syllabus only
Notes of Basics of Financial Accounting
This pdf contains ppt on Basic concepts of Financial Accounting. These notes are quite useful for revising or learning the basic concepts of financial accounting.
HARPREET SINGH
Notes of Cash flow Statement
This pdf contains notes of cash flow statement(CFS). Cash flow statement is one of the most important topics in Accounting and this pdf can help you easily understand CFS.
Notes of Financial Analysis, Accountancy
This pdf contains notes of financial analysis( Financial Accounting). This creation can help you to understand or clear doubts related to financial analysis.
Accounting Fundamental Question Paper
This File contains question paper of Accounting Fundamental usually taught to BBA or BCOM students.
Bajaj Finance study
Bajaj Finserv Limited, a part of Bajaj Holdings & Investments Limited, is an Indian financial services company focused on lending, asset management, wealth management and insurance. The company employs over 20154 employees at 1409 locations, and is engaged in consumer finance businesses, life insurance, and general insurance.Apart from financial services, Bajaj Finserv is also active in wind–energy generation with an installed capacity of 65.2 MW.
Kuldeep Sharma
what is Practical,Normal ,Maximum ,Actual ,Idle capacity ? capacity of a firm in details
Practical Capacity :It refers to the production capacity of a firm taking into consideration various internal and external factors within which the firm operates .Normal capacity :It refers to the production capacity of a firm at which the firm can operate in normal situationMaximum capacity :It refers to the capacity at which the firm can operate using all the factors of production to fullest extent . in the capacity beyond which the firm can't produce more . A firm can't operate at this capacity for a long period .It causes damage to machine .In emergent situation this capacity is used .Actual capacity : It refers to the production capacity of a firm at which the firm producing at present .It may any capacity from start to maximum .Usually the firm operate at normal capacity .Idle capacity :It refers to the capacity which remains idle in other word the capacity which remains unused .The reasons for such idle capacity is shortage of material , machine brokedown , power failure , waiting for instruction etc .Idle capacity = Normal capacity -Actual capacity
Mousumi Manna
Basic Accounting definitions
ACCOUNTING: Accounting can be defined as the subject by studying which the records of all monetary transaction of an individual , non - trading concern ,business undertaking and other for a particular period can be satisfactorily maintained and the result of transaction during given period can be analysed and measured at the end of the given period .Accounting is now more an information system then a mechanism for recording transaction and ascertaining the result thereofFINANCIAL ACCOUNTING : financial accounting deals with the recording of all financial transaction and preparation of statement for the use by management , outsiders like shareholders , banks or other financial institution , creditors etc.COST ACCOUNTING : Cost accounting is concerned with the ascertainment of all cost of various products and services and is used as the tool for controlling expenditure..