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Knowledge in Bio Chemistry
NCERT CLASS 11TH BIOLOGY BOOK PDF
CONTAINS PDF VERSION OF NCERT BIOLOGY 11TH CLASS BOOK.STUDYING IT THOROUGHLY WILL HELP STUDENTS WHO ARE ASPIRING TO CRACK ENTRANCE EXAMS RELATED TO SCIENCE AND BIOLOGY LIKE NEET,AIIMS,JIPMER,ETC.
Tarishi Singh
NCERT CLASS 12TH BIOLOGY BOOK ZIP FILE
CONTAINS PDF VERSION OF NCERT BIOLOGY 12TH CLASS BOOK.STUDYING IT THOROUGHLY WILL HELP STUDENTS WHO ARE ASPIRING TO CRACK ENTRANCE EXAMS RELATED TO SCIENCE AND BIOLOGY LIKE NEET,AIIMS,JIPMER,ETC.
Biochemistry (I semester)
Attached document contains the previous year question paper for Cell Biology for Biochemistry (hons) by Delhi University. It can be very helpful for a quick revision and clarity of concepts.
Riya Goyal
engineering chemistry -TLC
the branch of science concerned with the substances of which matter is composed, the investigation of their properties and reactions, and the use of such reactions to form new substances.
Nandoo Kashetti
engineering chemistry -Self Healing material
the branch of science concerned with the substances of which matter is composed, the investigation of their properties and reactions, and the use of such reactions to form new substances.
Sensor Lab
the branch of science concerned with the substances of which matter is composed, the investigation of their properties and reactions, and the use of such reactions to form new substances.
engineering chemistry -Air Pollution
the branch of science concerned with the substances of which matter is composed, the investigation of their properties and reactions, and the use of such reactions to form new substances.
engineering chemistry -Alloys 2.1
the branch of science concerned with the substances of which matter is composed, the investigation of their properties and reactions, and the use of such reactions to form new substances.
engineering chemistry -Conductometry
the branch of science concerned with the substances of which matter is composed, the investigation of their properties and reactions, and the use of such reactions to form new substances.
engineering chemistry -Chemistry Synthesis
the branch of science concerned with the substances of which matter is composed, the investigation of their properties and reactions, and the use of such reactions to form new substances.
Chemistry Mid-Semester Question Paper
Mid-Semester question paper of chemistry of Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra
Hrithik Anand
Lipids
· LIPID describes a chemically varied group of organic fatty compound substances · Lipids are highly concentrated energy stores.· They are water-insoluble bio-molecules but soluble in organic solvents such as ether, benzene. Chloroform, etc. (lipophilic).· Lipids serve as fuel molecules, signal molecules, and components of membranes, hormones and intracellular messengers.· They are esters of long chain fatty acids and alcohols.· Only a limited number of lipids are clinically important. This group includes fatty acids, triacylglycerols (or triglycerides), cholesterol, and phospholipids. · The various types of lipids differ in their chemical and physical properties and in their physiological roles. · Other lipids serve as precursors for other essential compounds or act as a sources or storage of energy. · Lipids are important insulators against heat loss and organ damage and allows for nerve conduction in the central nervous system.· When conjugated with proteins, lipids compounds are called lipoproteins, the transport form of lipids in aqueous substances such as blood. Classification Of Lipids:LIPIDS are classified broadly according to their chemical composition into:1- simple lipids2- complex lipids3- derived lipids4- miscellaneous lipids based.SIMPLE LIPIDS: These lipids are the esters of fatty acids with alcohols. They are of three types: Waxes, sterol esters and Triacylglycerol.COMPOUND/COMPLEX LIPIDS: These lipids are esters of fatty acids with alcohols with additional groups such as phosphate, nitrogenous base, etc. They are again divided into 3 types: Phospholipids, Glycerophosphlipids, Sphingophospholipids.DERIVED LIPIDS: These lipids are obtained on hydrolysis of simple and complex lipids. These lipids contain glycerol and other alcohols. This class of lipids include steroid hormones, ketone bodies, hydrocarbons, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, mono and diacylglycerides. MISCELLANEOUS LIPIDS: These include compounds, which contain characteristics of lipids. They include squalene, terpenes, hydrocarbons, carotenoids, etc. Classification Scheme:Functions of Lipids:Lipids are the constituents of cell membrane and regulate membrane permeability.They protect internal organs, serve as insulating materials, give shape and smoothness to the body.They serve as a source of fat soluble vitamins.Essential fatty acids are useful for transport of cholesterol, formation of lipoproteins, etc.Phospholipids in mitochondria are responsible for transport of electron transport chain components.Accumulation of fat in liver is prevented by phospholipids.Phospholipids help in removal of cholesterol from the body. Cholesterol is a constituent of membrane structure and it synthesizes bile acids, hormones and vitamin D. It is the principal sterol of higher animals, abundant in nerve tissues and gallstones.Classification Of Lipids:Based on their Biological functions Lipids can be classified into: Storage Lipids—The principle stored form of energy Structural Lipids– The major structural elements of Biological Membranes Lipids are signals, cofactors and pigments Storage Lipids:Storage Lipids include fats and oils, and wax. Fats and oils are composed of 3 fatty acids each in ester linkage with a single glycerol (Triacylglycerols) 3FA+Glycerol=Fats, Oils Waxes are esters of long-chain(C14-C36) saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with long chain (C16-C30) alcohols FA + Alcohol = waxesFatty Acids:• Fatty acids are composed only of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen • Fatty Acids are carboxylic acids with hydrocarbon chains ranging from 4-36.• Fatty acids are of 2 types: Saturated and Unsaturated.Triacylglycerols (TAG) Triacylglycerol(Triglyceride) is an ester of glycerol with three fatty acids. It is also called neutral fat. They are stored in adipocytes in . A mammal contains 5% to 25% or more of its body weight as lipids,90%TAG Wax: Waxes are esters of long chain (C14-C36) saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with long chain (C16-C30) alcohols.Functions of Wax: Chief storage fuels for some of the microorganisms. Protect skin and hair. Application in industries, pharmaceuticals, and cosmeticsCholesterol Cholesterol is a derived lipid. Its widely distributed as sterols in animals and humans, most of which is synthesized by the liver It is an essential component of cell membrane Vit. D, hormones and bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol. Bile acids are essential for normal digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins. An increase in dietary intake of cholesterol increases its synthesis in the body as well which leads to coronary heart diseases. Unsaturated fats reduce the level of cholesterol in blood. LDL, HDL AND VLDL: Low density lipoproteins (LDL) transports cholesterol from liver through blood to the tissues (Bad cholesterol) High density lipoprotein (HDL) transports cholesterol from blood to the liver where it is metabolised (Good cholesterol) LDL high Cholesterol high High risk of heart attack HDL high Cholesterol low Low risk of heart attack Bile Acids:Bile Acids are polar derivatives of cholesterol that act as detergents in the intestine, emulsifying dietary fats to make them more accessible to digestive lipases Essential fatty acids: Linoleic, Linolenic, and Arachidonic acids Essential fatty acids synthesize structural fats in tissues such as prostoglandins, leukotriens, prostocyclins, thromboxane which regulate body functions such as blood clotting, inflammation etc. Essential fatty acid deficiency can result in abnormalities like poor growth, increase food intake, scale inflammation of skin and impaired immune response. Best dietary sources are vegetable oils(corn oil, sunflower oil) and oil rich fish (Herring , Sardine) Trans Fatty Acids: Exist in very small amounts in natural foods. Trans fatty acids lowers HDL level and raises total blood cholesterol They also raise plasma conc. Of lipoprotein – anthrogenic lipoprotein. Trans fatty acids are formed when vegetable oils are hydrogenated during the formation of margarine etc.Lipids as Biochemical Markers of DiseaseClinical chemistry laboratories offer many tests for lipid disorders. One of the most common tests is the lipid profile. This panel of tests includes measures of triacylglycerol and cholesterol in the form of lipoprotein-cholesterol molecules, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The results of testing for these lipids provide measures of risk for coronary artery disease.Although the concentration of cholesterol in blood is dependent on many factors such as genetics, age, sex, diet, and physical activity, total cholesterol measurement is used clinically to monitor disease. In addition to its role as a risk factor for coronary artery disease, increased cholesterol concentration may be the result of hypothyroidism, liver disease, renal disease, or diabetes. Decreased cholesterol concentration may be the result of hyperthyroidism, digestive malabsorption, or impaired liver function. Factors that increase HDL-C include increased estrogen in women, increased exercise, and the effects of certain blood pressure medicines.Factors that decrease HDL-C include increased progesterone, obesity, smoking, and diabetes. Increased triacylglycerol may be the result of pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus, acute alcohol consumption, or certain liver diseases. In addition, triacylglycerol may be increased artifactually in nonfasting blood samples.