Adiabatic Demagnetisation
The lowest temperature near absolute zero can be reached by boiling liquid hydrogen and helium under pressure . K. Onnes attained a temperature of 0.82K by evaporating liquid helium under a pressure of 0.013mm of mercury. The lowest temperature 0.7K
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in this way was reached by Kessam by reducing the pressure on the surface of liquid helium to 0.036mm of mercury by extremely powerful pumps. The possibility of still lower temperature was explored by Deobye and Giaque in 1926 independently by Adiabatic Demagnetisation of paramagnetic salts.
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