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IP - Internet Protocol
Content:- In this section, we discuss internetworking, connecting networks together to make an internetwork or an internet. Topics discussed in this section: Need for Network Layer Internet as a Datagram Network Internet as a Connectionless Network
VEDANT MILIND ATHAVALE
Network Layer: Logical Addressing
Responsibilities of the Network layer 1. Host to Host (source to destination delivery of message) To deliver packets from source to destination across multiple links (networks). Or Network layer works for the transmission of data from one host to the other located in different networks. 2. Logical Addressing In order to identify each device on internetwork uniquely, the network layer defines an addressing scheme. The sender & receiver’s IP address is placed in the header by the network layer. Such an address distinguishes each device uniquely and universally. - Segment in the Network layer is referred to as Packet. - Network layer is implemented by networking devices such as routers 3. Routing The network layer protocols determine which route is suitable from source to destination. This function of the network layer is known as routing. 4. Fragmentation and Reassembly The network layer must send data down to the data link layer for transmission. The data or information that the network layer receives is in the form of a packet and the data that data link layer forwards is called a frame. The network layer has the responsibility of Fragmentation and reassembly because some data link layer technologies have limits on the length of any message that can be sent. If the packet of data that the network layer has to send is too large, the network layer must break the packet up, send each packet to the data link layer, and then have pieces reassembled once they arrive at the network layer on the destination system.
QUANTUM CHEMISTRY
Quantum chemistry, also called molecular quantum mechanics, is a branch of chemistry focused on the application of quantum mechanics in physical models and experiments of chemical systems. Understanding electronic structure and molecular dynamics using the Schrödinger equations are central topics in quantum chemistry.
CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS
Metals only exist in solution as coordination complexes, it follows then that this class of compounds is useful in a wide variety of ways. In bioinorganic chemistry and bioorganometallic chemistry, coordination complexes serve either structural or catalytic functions. An estimated 30% of proteins contain metal ions. Examples include the intensely colored vitamin B12, the heme group in hemoglobin, the cytochromes, the chlorin group in chlorophyll, and carboxypeptidase, a hydrolytic enzyme important indigestion. Another complexion enzyme is catalase, which decomposes the cell's waste hydrogen peroxide. Homogeneous catalysis is a major application of coordination compounds for the production of organic substances. Processes include hydrogenation, hydroformylation, oxidation. In one example, a combination of titanium trichloride and triethylaluminium gives rise to Ziegler–Natta catalysts, used for the polymerization of ethylene and propylene to give polymers of great commercial importance as fibers, films, and plastics. Nickel, cobalt, and copper can be extracted using hydrometallurgical processes involving complexions. They are extracted from their ores as ammine complexes. Metals can also be separated using the selective precipitation and solubility of complexions. Cyanide is used chiefly for the extraction of gold and silver from their ores.
GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC CHANGE
GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC CHANGE The Earth's atmosphere is changing. Scientific measurements have documented shifts in chemical composition throughout the lower atmosphere, as well as substantial alterations in chemical composition in the upper atmosphere. Both of these findings have important implications for terrestrial life and human societies.
DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT
These are the notes of the subject Engineering Physics for engineering and are targeted to one of the difficult subtopics of the Diffraction of Light. These will prove beneficial to FY Engineering students of all branches and help them to score good marks in their exams.
POPULATION PROJECTION METHOD
THE METHOD OF PROJECTING THE POPULATION The projections are demographic. Future populations are derived from a base population through the projection of... The projection of the demographic components of change is driven by the composition of the population by age, sex,... The definition of the population with respect to who is included and the characteristics of included people remains.
IMPROPER INTEGRALS - ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
In mathematical analysis, an improper integral is the limit of a definite integral as an endpoint of the interval(s) of integration approaches either a specified real number, ∞, -∞, or in some instances as both endpoints approach limits. Such an integral is often written symbolically just like a standard definite integral, in some cases with infinity as a limit of integration. Specifically, an improper integral is a limit of the form: limb→∞∫ₐᵇf(x) dx, limₐ→₋∞∫ₐᵇf(x) dx, or limc→b⁻∫ₐᶜf(x) dx, limc→ₐ⁺∫cᵇf(x) dx, in which one takes a limit in one or the other (or sometimes both) endpoints (Apostol 1967, §10.23).
PROBLEM SOLVING AND COMPUTER PROGRAMMING -NIT WARANGAL
These are the notes of the subject Computer Programming for engineering and are targeted to one of the difficult subtopics of Problem Solving. These will prove beneficial to both FY and SY Engineering students of all branches and help them to score good marks in their exams. Made by: A professor at NIT Warangal
MAGNETIC MATERIALS AND FIELD
These are the notes of the subject Magnetism for engineering and are targeted to one of the difficult subtopics of Magnetic materials and fields. These will prove beneficial to both FY and SY Engineering students of all branches and help them to score good marks in their exams.
SILICON SOLAR CELLS BY DR. PAUL
These are the notes of the subject of modern physics and micro-level electronics for engineering and are targeted to one of the difficult subtopics of Solar Cells. These will prove beneficial to all the year Engineering students of all branches and help them to score good marks in their exams.
Algorithms - A way of approaching
These are the notes of the subject Computer Programming for engineering and are targeted to one of the difficult subtopics of Algorithms. These will prove beneficial to both FY and SY Engineering students of all branches and help them to score good marks in their exams.